ENHANCING SOIL FERTILITY THROUGH BIOCHAR APPLICATION: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Soil fertility is one of the most critical factors influencing agricultural productivity and food security worldwide. Rapid population growth, intensive farming, excessive use of chemical fertilizers, and climate change have significantly reduced soil quality in many agricultural regions. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis of organic biomass, has emerged as an environmentally friendly soil amendment that improves soil fertility while contributing to climate change mitigation. This review paper explores the effects of biochar on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties and its role in sustainable agriculture. It discusses biochar production methods, nutrient retention capacity, carbon sequestration, crop productivity, water conservation, and environmental benefits. Additionally, the paper highlights current challenges, future research opportunities, and policy recommendations for promoting biochar-based farming systems. The findings suggest that biochar application can significantly improve soil health, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and increase long-term agricultural sustainability.